Which of the following factors is relevant to pest management?

Pest management is a complex process that takes into account a variety of factors to effectively control pest populations while minimizing impacts on the environment and human health. The correct answer points to the inclusion of both abiotic and biotic factors in this process.

Abiotic factors refer to the non-living components of the environment, such as temperature, humidity, soil pH, and light. These factors influence pest development, behavior, and survival. Understanding the abiotic conditions helps in predicting pest outbreaks and determining the best timing for intervention.

Biotic factors, on the other hand, include living organisms that interact with pests, such as natural predators, parasites, and competitors. These relationships can significantly impact pest population dynamics. For instance, promoting the presence of beneficial insects can provide a natural form of pest control that reduces the need for chemical interventions.

By considering both the abiotic and biotic factors, pest management strategies can be more holistic and effective, addressing not just the pests themselves, but also the environment in which they thrive and their interactions with other organisms. This comprehensive approach is essential for sustaining agricultural practices and protecting ecosystems.